PS(1)

NAME
ps - process status

SYNOPSIS
ps [-acCehjlmrsSTuvwx] [-k key] [-M core] [-N system] [-O fmt] [-o fmt] [-p pid] [-t tty] [-U username] [-W swap]
ps [-L]

DESCRIPTION
ps displays a header line followed by lines containing information about your processes that have controlling terminals. The default sort order of controlling terminal and (among processes with the same controlling terminal) process ID may be changed using the -k, -m, or -r options.

The information displayed is selected based on a set of keywords (see the -L -O and -o options). The default output format includes, for each process, the process' ID, controlling terminal, CPU time (including both user and system time), state, and associated command.

The options are as follows:

-a  Display information about other users' processes as well as your own.

-c  Do not display full command with arguments, but only the executable name. This may be somewhat confusing; for example, all sh(1) scripts will show as “sh”.

-C  Change the way the CPU percentage is calculated by using a “raw” CPU calculation that ignores “resident” time (this normally has no effect).

-e  Display the environment as well. The environment for other users' processes can only be displayed by the super-user.

-h  Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee one header per page of information.

-j  Print information associated with the following keywords: user, pid, ppid, pgid, sess, jobc, state, tt, time, and command.

-k  Sort the output using the space or comma separated list of keywords. Multiple sort keys may be specified, using any of the -k, -m, or -r options. The default sort order is equivalent to -k tdev,pid.

-L  List the set of available keywords.

-l  Display information associated with the following keywords: uid, pid, ppid, cpu, pri, nice, vsz, rss, wchan, state, tt, time, and command.

-M  Extract values from the specified core file instead of the running system.

-m  Sort by memory usage, equivalent to -k vsz.

-N  Extract the name list from the specified system instead of the default “/netbsd”. Ignored unless -M is specified.

-O  Display information associated with the space or comma separated list of keywords specified. The -O option does not suppress the default display; it inserts additional keywords just after the pid keyword in the default display, or after the pid keyword (if any) in a non-default display specified before the first use of the -O flag. Keywords inserted by multiple -O options will be adjacent.

    An equals sign (“=”) followed by a customised header string may be appended to a keyword, as described in more detail under the -o option.

-o  Display information associated with the space or comma separated list of keywords specified. Use of the -o option suppresses the set of keywords that would be displayed by default, or appends to the set of keywords specified by other options.

    An equals sign (“=”) followed by a customised header string may be appended to a keyword. This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of the default header associated with the keyword.

    Everything after the first equals sign is part of the customised header text, and this may include embedded spaces (“ ”), commas (“”),, or equals signs (“=”). To specify multiple keywords with customised headers, use multiple -o or -O options.

    If all the keywords to be displayed have customised headers, and all the customised headers are entirely empty, then the header line is not printed at all.

-p  Display information associated with the specified process ID.

-r  Sort by current CPU usage. This is equivalent to -k %cpu.

-S  Change the way the process time is calculated by summing all exited children to their parent process.

-s  Display one line for each LWP, rather than one line for each process, and display information associated with the following keywords: uid, pid, ppid, cpu, lid, nlwp, pri, nice, vsz, rss, wchan, lstate, tt, time, and command.

-T  Display information about processes attached to the device associated with the standard input.

-t  Display information about processes attached to the specified terminal device. Use an question mark (“”)? for processes not attached to a terminal device and a minus sign (“-”) for processes that have been revoked from their terminal device.

-U  Displays processes belonging to the user whose username or uid has been given to the -U switch.

-u  Display information associated with the following keywords: user, pid, %cpu, %mem, vsz, rss, tt, state, start, time, and command. The -u option implies the -r option.

-v  Display information associated with the following keywords: pid, state, time, sl, re, pagein, vsz, rss, lim, tsiz, %cpu, %mem, and command. The -v option implies the -m option.

-W  Extract swap information from the specified file instead of the default “/dev/drum”. Ignored unless -M is specified.

-w  Use 132 columns to display information, instead of the default which is your window size. If the -w option is specified more than once, ps will use as many columns as necessary without regard for your window size.

-x  Also display information about processes without controlling terminals.

A complete list of the available keywords are listed below. Some of these keywords are further specified as follows:

%cpu
    The CPU utilization of the process; this is a decaying average over up to a minute of previous (real) time. Since the time base over which this is computed varies (since processes may be very young) it is possible for the sum of all %CPU fields to exceed 100%.

%mem
    The percentage of real memory used by this process.

flags
    The flags (in hexadecimal) associated with the process as in the include file <sys/proc.h>:
    P_ADVLOCK | 0x00000001 | process may hold a POSIX advisory lock
    P_CONTROLT | 0x00000002 | process has a controlling terminal
    P_INMEM | 0x00000004 | process is loaded into memory
    P_NOCLDSTOP | 0x00000008 | no
    SIGCHLD when children stop
    P_PPWAIT | 0x00000010 | parent is waiting for child to exec/exit
    P_PROFIL | 0x00000020 | process has started profiling
    P_SELECT | 0x00000040 | selecting; wakeup/waiting danger
    P_SINTR | 0x00000080 | sleep is interruptible
    P_SUGID | 0x00000100 | process had set id privileges since last exec
    P_SYSTEM | 0x00000200 | system process: no sigs, stats or swapping
    P_TIMEOUT | 0x00000400 | timing out during sleep
    P_TRACED | 0x00000800 | process is being traced
    P_WAITED | 0x00001000 | debugging process has waited for child
    P_WEXIT | 0x00002000 | working on exiting
    P_EXEC | 0x00004000 | process called
    execve(2)
    P_OWEUPC | 0x00008000 | owe process an addupc() call at next ast
    P_FSTRACE | 0x00010000 | tracing via file system
    P_NOCLDWAIT | 0x00020000 | no zombies when children die
    P_32 | 0x00040000 | 32-bit process (used on 64-bit kernels)
    P_BIGLOCK | 0x00080000 | process needs kernel ``big lock'' to run
    P_INEXEC | 0x00100000 | process is exec'ing and cannot be traced
    P_SYSTRACE | 0x00200000 | process system call tracing active

lim The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to setrlimit(2).

lstart
    The exact time the command started, using the “%C” format described in strftime(3).

nice
    The process scheduling increment (see setpriority(2)).

rss the real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte units).

start
    The time the command started. If the command started less than 24 hours ago, the start time is displayed using the “%l:%M%p” format described in strftime(3). If the command started less than 7 days ago, the start time is displayed using the “%a%p” format. Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the “%e%b%y” format.

state
    The state is given by a sequence of letters, for example, “RWNA”. The first letter indicates the run state of the process:

    D   Marks a process in disk (or other short term, uninterruptible) wait.
    I   Marks a process that is idle (sleeping for longer than about 20 seconds).
    R   Marks a runnable process.
    S   Marks a process that is sleeping for less than about 20 seconds.
    T   Marks a stopped process.
    U   Marks a suspended process.
    Z   Marks a dead process (a “zombie”).

    Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional state information:

    +   The process is in the foreground process group of its control terminal.
    -   The LWP is detached (can't be waited for).
        The process has raised CPU scheduling priority.
        The process has specified a soft limit on memory requirements and is currently exceeding that limit; such a process is (necessarily) not swapped.
    A   the process has asked for random page replacement (VA_ANOM, from madvise(2), for example, a LISP interpreter in a garbage collect).
    a   The process is using scheduler activations.
    E   The process is trying to exit.
    K   The process is a kernel thread or system process.
    L   The process has pages locked in core (for example, for raw I/O).
    l   The process has multiple LWPs.
    N   The process has reduced CPU scheduling priority (see setpriority(2)).
    S   The process has asked for FIFO page replacement (VA_SEQL, from madvise(2), for example, a large image processing program using virtual memory to sequentially address voluminous data).
    s   The process is a session leader.
    V   The process is suspended during a vfork(2).
    W   The process is swapped out.
    X   The process is being traced or debugged.
    x   The process is running under systrace(1).

tt  An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if any. The abbreviation consists of the two letters following “/dev/tty”, or, for the console, “co”. This is followed by a “-” if the process can no longer reach that controlling terminal (i.e., it has been revoked).

wchan
    The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits. When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is trimmed off and the result is printed in hex, for example, 0x80324000 prints as 324000.

When printing using the command keyword, a process that has exited and has a parent that has not yet waited for the process (in other words, a zombie) is listed as “<defunct>”, and a process which is blocked while trying to exit is listed as “<exiting>”.

ps will try to locate the processes' argument vector from the user area in order to print the command name and arguments. This method is not reliable because a process is allowed to destroy this information. The ucomm (accounting) keyword will always contain the real command name as contained in the process structure's p_comm field.

If the command vector cannot be located (usually because it has not been set, as is the case of system processes and/or kernel threads) the command name is printed within square brackets.

To indicate that the argument vector has been tampered with, ps will append the real command name to the output within parentheses if the basename of the first argument in the argument vector does not match the contents of the real command name.

In addition, ps checks for the following two situations and does not append the real command name parenthesized:

-shellname
    The login process traditionally adds a ‘-’ in front of the shell name to indicate a login shell. ps will not append parenthesized the command name if it matches with the name in the first argument of the argument vector, skipping the leading ‘-’.

daemonname: current-activity
    Daemon processes frequently report their current activity by setting their name to be like “daemonname: current-activity”. ps will not append parenthesized the command name, if the string preceding the ‘’: in the first argument of the argument vector matches the command name.

KEYWORDS
The following is a complete list of the available keywords and their meanings. Several of them have aliases (keywords which are synonyms).

%cpu
    percentage CPU usage (alias pcpu)
%mem
    percentage memory usage (alias pmem)
acflag
    accounting flag (alias acflg)
comm
    command (the argv[0] value)
command
    command and arguments (alias args)
cpu short-term CPU usage factor (for scheduling)
ctime
    accumulated CPU time of all children that have exited
egid
    effective group id
egroup
    group name (from egid)
etime
    elapsed time since the process was started, in the form [[dd-]hh:]mm:ss
euid
    effective user id
euser
    user name (from euid)
flags
    the process flags, in hexadecimal (alias f)
gid effective group id
group
    group name (from gid)
groups
    group access list
groupnames
    group names (from group access list)
holdcnt
    number of holds on the process (if non-zero, process can't be swapped)
inblk
    total blocks read (alias inblock)
jobc
    job control count
ktrace
    tracing flags
ktracep
    tracing vnode
laddr
    kernel virtual address of the struct lwp belonging to the LWP.
lid ID of the LWP
lim memory use limit
logname
    login name of user who started the process (alias login)
lstart
    time started
lstate
    symbolic LWP state
majflt
    total page faults
minflt
    total page reclaims
msgrcv
    total messages received (reads from pipes/sockets)
msgsnd
    total messages sent (writes on pipes/sockets)
nice
    nice value (alias ni)
nivcsw
    total involuntary context switches
nlwp
    number of LWPs in the process
nsigs
    total signals taken (alias nsignals)
nswap
    total swaps in/out
nvcsw
    total voluntary context switches
nwchan
    wait channel (as an address)
oublk
    total blocks written (alias oublock)
p_ru
    resource usage pointer (valid only for zombie)
paddr
    kernel virtual address of the struct proc belonging to the process.
pagein
    pageins (same as majflt)
pgid
    process group number
pid process ID
ppid
    parent process ID
pri scheduling priority
re  core residency time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
rgid
    real group ID
rlink
    reverse link on run queue, or 0
rlwp
    Number of LWPs on a processor or run queue
rss resident set size
rsz resident set size + (text size / text use count) (alias rssize)
ruid
    real user ID
ruser
    user name (from ruid)
sess
    session pointer
sid session ID
sig pending signals (alias pending)
sigcatch
    caught signals (alias caught)
sigignore
    ignored signals (alias ignored)
sigmask
    blocked signals (alias blocked)
sl  sleep time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
start
    time started
state
    symbolic process state (alias stat)
stime
    accumulated system CPU time
svgid
    saved gid from a setgid executable
svgroup
    group name (from svgid)
svuid
    saved uid from a setuid executable
svuser
    user name (from svuid)
tdev
    control terminal device number
time
    accumulated CPU time, user + system (alias cputime)
tpgid
    control terminal process group ID
tsess
    control terminal session pointer
tsiz
    text size (in Kbytes)
tt  control terminal name (two letter abbreviation)
tty full name of control terminal
uaddr
    kernel virtual address of the struct user belonging to the LWP.
ucomm
    name to be used for accounting
uid effective user ID
upr scheduling priority on return from system call (alias usrpri)
user
    user name (from uid)
utime
    accumulated user CPU time
vsz virtual size in Kbytes (alias vsize)
wchan
    wait channel (as a symbolic name)
xstat
    exit or stop status (valid only for stopped or zombie process)

FILES
/dev
    special files and device names
/dev/drum
    default swap device
/var/run/dev.db
    /dev name database
/var/db/kvm.db
    system namelist database
/netbsd
    default system namelist

SEE ALSO
kill(1), pgrep(1), pkill(1), sh(1), systrace(1), w(1), kvm(3), strftime(3), dev_mkdb(8), pstat(8)

BUGS
Since ps cannot run faster than the system and is run as any other scheduled process, the information it displays can never be exact.